CPI inflation key to figure out what’s next for the Federal Reserve
- Consumer Price Index in the US is forecast to rise 3.3% YoY in July, up from the 3% increase recorded in June.
- Core CPI inflation is expected to hold steady at 4.8% YoY in July.
- US CPI inflation report could significantly impact the US Dollar’s valuation by altering the Fed’s rate outlook.
The highly-anticipated Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation data for July will be published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) on Thursday, August 10, at 12:30 GMT.
Follow our live coverage of the market reaction to US inflation data.
The US Dollar (USD) has been gathering strength against its rivals since mid-July, with macroeconomic data releases highlighting the relatively upbeat performance of the US economy and tight labor market conditions. Following the July policy meeting, Federal Reserve (Fed) Chairman Jerome Powell refrained from committing to one more rate hike before the end of the year but investors are yet to decide whether the Fed has already reached the terminal rate.
The US CPI inflation data could alter the way markets price the Fed’s rate outlook and significantly influence the USD’s valuation. Investors will pay close attention to the details of the report to see if there is progress in the sticky parts of inflation.
What to expect in the next CPI data report?
The US Consumer Price Index data, on a yearly basis, is expected rise 3.3% in July, at a modestly stronger pace than the 3% increase recorded in June. The Core CPI figure, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, is forecast to remain unchanged at 4.8% in the same period.
The monthly CPI and the Core CPI are both seen rising 0.2% in July. Because annual CPI readings are subject to base effects, markets are likely to react to changes in monthly figures.
In July, the Prices Paid Index – the inflation component – of the ISM Manufacturing PMI edged higher to 42.6 from 41.8 in July, showing that input prices declined at a softer pace than in June. More importantly, the Prices Paid Index of the ISM Services PMI survey rose to its highest level since April at 56.8, unveiling an acceleration in the service sector’s input inflation.
Speaking on the policy outlook, Fed Governor Michelle Bowman said that additional rate increases will likely be needed if data show that progress on inflation has stalled. Meanwhile, “we are making progress against inflation. It has been slow progress, and I am watchful of any reemerging price pressures,” said Philadelphia Fed President Patrick Harker and added: “We remain unwavering in our commitment to bring inflation back to target.”
Analysts at TD Securities provide a brief preview of the key macro data and explain:
“Our forecasts for the CPI report suggest core price inflation likely stayed subdued in July: We expect it to print 0.2% m/m — a June repeat. We also look for a 0.2% gain for the headline. Importantly, we expect the report to show that core goods prices shifted more decidedly into deflation, while shelter-price gains accelerated modestly. Note that our unrounded core CPI inflation forecast is 0.23%, so we judge the risk of a 0.3% m/m advance to be larger than that of 0.1%.”
When will the Consumer Price Index report be released and how could it affect EUR/USD?
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation data for July will be published at 12:30 GMT on August 10. The US Dollar started the week on a bullish note. The US Dollar Index, which gauges the USD’s valuation against a basket of six major currencies, is up nearly 1% in August after posting losses in June and July. According to the CME Group FedWatch Tool, markets are currently pricing in a more than 20% probability of the Fed opting for one more rate increase in 2023. The market positioning suggests that the USD faces significant upside risk in case inflation readings come in hotter than expected. On the flip side, the USD could weaken on a downside surprise to the CPI prints but the currency’s losses could remain limited, at least in the near term, with markets already forecasting a more than 70% probability of a no change in the Fed interest rate.
US Dollar price today
The table below shows the percentage change of US Dollar (USD) against listed major currencies today. US Dollar was the weakest against the Swiss Franc.
| USD | EUR | GBP | CAD | AUD | JPY | NZD | CHF | |
| USD | -0.40% | -0.32% | -0.12% | -0.39% | 0.10% | -0.13% | -0.41% | |
| EUR | 0.41% | 0.09% | 0.26% | 0.01% | 0.49% | 0.27% | 0.00% | |
| GBP | 0.31% | -0.09% | 0.19% | -0.04% | 0.40% | 0.18% | -0.09% | |
| CAD | 0.13% | -0.26% | -0.18% | -0.24% | 0.23% | 0.01% | -0.27% | |
| AUD | 0.39% | -0.01% | 0.07% | 0.27% | 0.48% | 0.26% | -0.01% | |
| JPY | -0.10% | -0.51% | -0.42% | -0.21% | -0.50% | -0.25% | -0.50% | |
| NZD | 0.13% | -0.27% | -0.19% | 0.01% | -0.26% | 0.22% | -0.28% | |
| CHF | 0.43% | 0.00% | 0.09% | 0.28% | 0.01% | 0.49% | 0.27% |
The heat map shows percentage changes of major currencies against each other. The base currency is picked from the left column, while the quote currency is picked from the top row. For example, if you pick the Euro from the left column and move along the horizontal line to the Japanese Yen, the percentage change displayed in the box will represent EUR (base)/JPY (quote).
Eren Sengezer, European Session Lead Analyst at FXStreet, offers a brief technical outlook for EUR/USD and explains:
“Heading into the US inflation data, the near-term technical outlook for EUR/USD fails to provide a directional clue. The pair has been fluctuating between the 20-day and the 50-day Simple Moving Averages (SMA) since late July and the Relative Strength Index (RSI) indicator on the daily chart has been moving sideways at around 50 during that period.”
Eren also outlines key technical levels to watch for:
“On the upside, 1.1060 (20-day SMA) aligns as the first resistance. A daily close above that level could open the door for an extended uptrend toward 1.1150 (static level, July 28 high) and 1.1250 (end-point of the latest uptrend).”
“Looking south, critical support is located at 1.0920 (100-day SMA). If the pair drops below that level and starts using it as resistance on a hot inflation report, additional losses toward 1.0850 (static level) and 1.0760 (200-day SMA) could be witnessed.”
US Dollar FAQs
The US Dollar (USD) is the official currency of the United States of America, and the ‘de facto’ currency of a significant number of other countries where it is found in circulation alongside local notes. It is the most heavily traded currency in the world, accounting for over 88% of all global foreign exchange turnover, or an average of $6.6 trillion in transactions per day, according to data from 2022.
Following the second world war, the USD took over from the British Pound as the world’s reserve currency. For most of its history, the US Dollar was backed by Gold, until the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971 when the Gold Standard went away.
The most important single factor impacting on the value of the US Dollar is monetary policy, which is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability (control inflation) and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these two goals is by adjusting interest rates.
When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, the Fed will raise rates, which helps the USD value. When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates, which weighs on the Greenback.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve can also print more Dollars and enact quantitative easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system.
It is a non-standard policy measure used when credit has dried up because banks will not lend to each other (out of the fear of counterparty default). It is a last resort when simply lowering interest rates is unlikely to achieve the necessary result. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice to combat the credit crunch that occurred during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy US government bonds predominantly from financial institutions. QE usually leads to a weaker US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing in new purchases. It is usually positive for the US Dollar.